Pump systems account for 20% of the world’s electrical energy demand and between 25%-50% of the electrical energy usage in certain applications. Pumps are the single largest user of electricity within industry across the European Union, consuming over 300TWhpa of electricity, which in turn accounts for over 65Mton of CO₂ emissions.
It is also well-documented that rotodynamic pumps, which account for 80% of the installed base, are between 20-30% oversized. There is therefore a major potential to save energy if rotodynamic pumps are properly sized and operated.
To identify if a pumping system is sized correctly, make the following checks. Are you wasting liquid flow? Are you creating additional pressure? What is the monitoring and control philosophy? Are there any oversized pumps installed for your required duty? Are there any old pumps employed in the system? Is there excessive noise in the system? Are there any throttling valves installed in the system? Have you the correct size of pipework installed? Inadequate maintenance lowers pump system efficiency, so what maintenance procedures are in place? Are you adopting a proactive equipment replacement programme as according to current EU legislation?
Use the latest EU regulation to achieve best possible drive efficiency, including variable speed drive (VSD); integrated control and monitoring and permanent magnet technology.
This article does not suggest or promote any single supplier or technology. It does however recommend choosing a supplier that is a member of the BPMA, and as such offers the assurance that it operates within the organisation’s agreed standards and Code of Practice.
The vast majority of existing pump systems operating today were not originally designed with energy conservation as a major consideration. If pump systems are initially designed on an energy-efficient basis and pumps are correctly applied and sized, the energy savings will often be in excess of 50%.
To design an energy efficient pump system all the following criteria should be considered:
Basic plant layoutPipe size, configuration, and restrictions to limited pipework lossesInformation on the liquid (viscosity, density, aggressiveness, temperature)System characteristics and pump selectionPump/system controlAvoid oversizing of the pump unitsSelecting the most energy efficient pumps at the best efficient pointFitting VSDs to match the system design & demand.Reduced energy costs are a direct result of selecting the correct pump and matching it to the system.
When selecting a pump, it is important to determine the required flow and pressure to be generated by the pump. The flow may be determined by a process requirement, by the heating or cooling required in the system or by the peak water demand for utilities. The pressure required may be to elevate the liquid within the system or to overcome the pressure losses in the system created as liquid passes through it.
It is important to know as much about the pump system as possible and to create a pressure/flow profile for the system. The energy required to drive the pump is directly related to the flow and pressure required. To generate high pressures generally leads to designs which may be inefficient, and therefore it is important that neither the flow nor the pressure is over-specified.
VSDs can save energy
It is estimated that significant energy savings have already been made by using variable speed drives and high efficiency motors. Generally, variable speed drives are used to continually adjust the speed of the pump to the demand.
The savings can be determined by the affinity laws:
Q= flow, n = rotational speed,
H= head, P = power.
When building a new pumping system, most pumps are selected with a safety factor for potential future uprates or to allow for wear in the pump or fouling of the system. Often there are many different parties involved in specifying and building a system, and the safety factor can grow exponentially. This results in the pump delivering much higher flows than required. There may also be the need to vary the flow due to process conditions or varying heating and cooling needs within buildings.
Traditionally, throttling is used to regulate flow in a pumping system. While throttling reduces the flow, the motor is still running at full speed and works even harder as it must work against a restriction. By reducing the speed of the motor, the variable-speed drive ensures no more energy than necessary is used to achieve the required flow. A centrifugal pump running at half speed consumes only one-eighth of the energy compared to one running at full speed. Utilising an electrical variable speed drive is the simplest and most economical way of controlling the pump and matching it to the pump system.
Other considerations
Here are some key considerations when looking to optimise pump energy use.
Has an alternative configuration been considered? In some cases, moving from an existing pump layout to an alternative can offer energy saving possibilities.
Is the pump performance monitored? By looking for early signs of pump wear – which can include increased noise, vibration or power consumption – major energy and maintenance savings can be made.
Has ease of maintenance been allowed for? When designing or replacing pumps, ease of future maintenance requirements should be considered.
When fitting VSDs to a pumping system, output and input filters should be considered, along with insulated motor bearings.
When maintaining pumping systems, it is recommended to use original manufacturers’ recommendations and parts.
Efficient, well-maintained pumps are more likely to be reliable and unlikely to fail prematurely causing loss of production or services.
Valves are considered to waste energy within a pumping system; however, if installed, they should be checked for correct operation.
Standby pump units, or pumps with no demand, should be switched off.
Is the pump working most of the time close to its best efficiency point (BEP)? Rotodynamic pumps operating away from BEP not only waste energy, but also reduce the life expectancy of the pump.
When upgrading, changing or expanding a pumping system, the demand may have changed and existing pumps may not be the most efficient solution.
When purchasing a pump set, price should not be the deciding factor. If a pump is sized correctly, the return on investment is shorter. Likewise, if a pump is oversized and is wasting energy, it will impose an additional cost for the anticipated life of the pump set.
Has an energy check been undertaken on existing systems? Under UK ESOS regulation all non-SME organisations are mandated to carry out energy audits, and pumping systems can offer substantial energy savings.
Audits
When specifying a new pump, ask for a high-efficiency motor to be fitted. If you are replacing or rewinding a motor, then evaluate the cost of fitting a high efficiency motor, remembering to factor in the running savings which will pay back any increase in cost. Invest in carrying out an energy audit. Review your utility bills and understand the energy you are using. Carry out an audit if you have:
High energy billsContinuously operating pumpsMany pumps in the systemProcesses with varying flowsThrottled pumpsPumps which are on bypassNoisy valves or pipeworkCritical systems which have been subject to breakdowns.The purpose of an energy audit is to reduce operating costs by reducing energy consumption, and the government has estimated that most companies can reduce their energy consumption by 10% to 20%. Energy audits conducted by BPMA members have shown that savings from 30% to 50% are not unusual.
The overall cost associated with operating these essential pieces of equipment throughout their entire life span can be broken down as follows; 5% accounts for the initial purchase/installation costs, 10% for ongoing maintenance and a massive 85% for the energy used to run them. Clearly, any reduction in the energy consumed by electric motors is important, and with modern designs that reduction can be as much as 30%. It is also evident that many pumps and motors are constantly operated at full power, irrespective of process needs, and so across the installed base there is the potential for significant energy savings; savings which can in turn drop to the bottom line and increase the profitability of any business.
Certified auditors
Given the amount of energy consumed pumps through their normal operation, and the potential for energy efficiency gains within pump systems, the BPMA have worked to develop a Certified Pump System Auditor Scheme (CPSA).
Through the CPSA, pump engineers are being trained to correctly assess the efficiency of pump systems, and to provide appropriate recommendations in order to improve the efficiency of those systems. The CPSA accreditation is achieved by successfully completing a four-day residential course, followed by the satisfactory completion of a pump system audit. Only then can ‘Certified Pump System Auditor’ status be achieved.
Within the full ESOS Guidance document, the ISO/14414-Pump System Energy Assessment standard is referenced as an auditing methodology that can be accepted by lead assessors approved by the Environment Agency. Accordingly, it is hoped that CPSA accredited persons (who are trained according to the IS0 14414 standard) will be recommended by lead assessors to undertake the pumping system elements of company-wide energy audits.
The next CPSA training course is scheduled for 9-12 May 2023.