What is motor feedback? To answer this question, we should begin by considering an open-loop system that has no feedback. The VFD is given a speed command and attempts to run the motor at that speed by adjusting its output frequency. The advantage of this system is its low complexity and low cost.
The problem here is that the drive has no way of knowing if the motor’s actual speed is deviating from the intended speed. This can easily happen as the motor is loaded or if the rotor becomes locked.
We can improve speed regulation performance and even add torque control and positioning functionality by adding feedback to the motor shaft. The feedback goes back to the VFD, where the actual speed is compared to the command speed. The drive looks at the difference between these signals and tries to reduce the error to 0 (zero) by adjusting its speed controller. A basic closed-loop control diagram looks something like this:
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Types of motor feedback
Commonly used motor feedback devices can be grouped into several common categories. The first category is analogue feedback. These channels are sine wave feedback signals where the analogue voltage represents the shaft position. Evaluating the shaft position over time will give velocity and direction information.
One of several devices providing analogue feedback is a resolver, an electromagnetic transducer that is utilised in a wide range of position and velocity feedback applications. The main design of a resolver has two windings: one in the stator (non-rotating part) and rotor (attached to the motor shaft and rotates). This creates a type of rotational transformer when excited with a carrier frequency. This rotation induces two voltage signals on the stator windings 90 degrees out of phase with each other (called sine and cosine). These signals can be read by, for example, a KEB VFD to determine the position of the motor shaft.
Resolvers are now considered ‘old tech’ but they are often preferred because they are very robust. Resolvers are tried and tested and have proven to be capable in many servo motor applications. The inductors used are epoxied into the housing so they are very tolerant to wide temperature ranges and extreme vibration. They require no extra electronics or onboard signal processing.
Second, Sin/Cos encoders are analogue feedback devices that provide two signals: a sine wave track and a cosine wave track. Similar to incremental encoders, they are commonly provided with 1,024 or 2,048 ppr. These tracks provide position and direction information in the form of 1 Volt peak-to-peak (1Vpp) analogue sine waves (typically referred to as ‘A’ and ‘B’) in quadrature. The sine and cosine tracks can be sampled at high frequency, which means they provide much more information than their incremental counterparts.
The high ppr and ability to sample the signal means that Sin/Cos encoders can provide over one million unique positions in one revolution of the motor shaft. For this reason, encoders in this family are preferred for high precision applications.
Sin/Cos encoders are typically used on servomotors, where the higher feedback resolution is a benefit for both the velocity and position loops. They are available in both single-turn and multi-turn absolute variants, making them a common option for absolute position applications.
The second category of devices is those that use incremental motor feedback. An incremental encoder provides a digital pulse for each pre-determined angular rotation of the shaft. The resolution of incremental encoders varies widely and there are often two offset signal channels which help to establish the direction of shaft rotation.
Incremental encoders typically have a glass disc with a black/clear etching pattern for through-beam LEDs that become the on/off pulses as the disc rotates. In one rotation of the encoder, an incremental encoder delivers a specific number of pulses, which enables the movement value to be deduced along with the speed. Common voltage levels are 5V (TTL) and 24V (HTL). The signals consist of three tracks: track A, B, and Z (zero signal). The A and B tracks have a 90-degree phase shift to indicate the rotation direction, while the zero signal (Z) track gives the number of revolutions and is useful for homing routines. Its resolution is the maximum number of pulses that it sends per revolution.
Here are some useful points to consider about incremental encoders:
Incremental encoders provide position feedback but the absolute position is not retained when the drive/encoder is powered down.
VFDs can evaluate the rising and falling edge of the signals to determine the direction of rotation. Monitoring the rising and falling edges effectively doubles the position information for each of the two tracks. Therefore, these are often called quadrature encoders.
Incremental encoders are typically used on induction motors with indexing applications, cut to feed applications, as well as any speed and position type control.
The glass disc can be a failure point in applications with vibration. Steel disc options are commonly available as an alternative.
The third category of devices is those that use serial feedback. Serial feedback devices measure shaft position with analogue or incremental means but then transmit the information to the VFD via a serial connection. This can reduce conductor wires in the encoder cable and susceptibility to electrical noise. Furthermore, serial feedback devices can transmit much more information including OEM encoder/motor parameters, error codes, and encoder diagnostic information.
BiSS encoders are an open-source feedback interface for digital absolute encoders that was designed and developed by IC-Haus in Germany. It is capable of transmitting the position value of the encoder – and of reading or updating the information stored in the encoder. Like other digital feedback encoders (Hiperface, EnDat; see below) BiSS comms link can be used to carry information other than position value. Additonal information such as encoder resolution, manufacturer information and temperature can be stored in a non-volatile memory area in the encoder. KEB drives, for example, can read and write to the encoder memory without interrupting real-time operations. Due to their high transfer rate, BiSS encoders can be limited on the permissible encoder cable length. BiSS encoders do not require additional license fees and so provide good value in terms of price and performance.
Hiperface encoders are a proprietary hybrid feedback interface developed by SICK Stegmann in 1996. It consists of a bi-directional interface for absolute encoders that combines a digital channel for absolute position information and an analogue channel for incremental position and speed feedback. The encoder also features a memory area, which is read or written to by drives through a communication channel. With asynchronous serial transmission, only two lines are needed to transmit the encoder position data. The serial link requires terminal resistors to operate, along with pull-up and pull-down resistors to increase interference immunity.
EnDat encoders are a proprietary feedback interface developed by the Heidenhain Company in the 1990s. It consists of a bi-directional digital interface for absolute encoders. It can transmit position values from incremental and absolute feedback, transmit or update information stored in the encoder, and save new data. EnDat 2.2 offers serial transmission; only four lines are necessary for transmitting the encoder position data synchronously with the clock delivered by the electronics. The type of transmission (position values, parameters, diagnostics, etc.) is determined by mode commands sent to the encoder (by KEB VFDs for example).
BiSS, Hiperface and EnDat encoders are all available in single and multi-turn absolute formats, making them ideal for applications that require absolute positioning. Typical uses of these encoders include applications such as robotic manufacturing, motion control with multiple axes, lifts, and CNC machines. When paired with a KEB drive, safety functionality to SIL3 standards is possible in applications for speed and position.
The fourth category of feedback devices is those that use absolute position feedback. Some feedback devices offer absolute position feedback in the form of single or multi-turn variants. Absolute encoders provide a unique position value at every point of rotation, representing the ‘absolute’ position of the encoder. Immediately as the drive is switched on, the absolute encoder can provide the exact position of the shaft that it is measuring. If the machine were to lose power, absolute feedback would tell the system where it is at without having to re-home the machine. This is particularly important in critical applications where re-homing procedures might take too long or lead to costly scrap material.
Single-turn absolute feedback measures displacement over 360 degrees of shaft rotation, with the output being repeated for each revolution of the encoder’s shaft. Multi-turn encoders use a special term for each position and number of revolutions to measure the degree of rotation (within 360 degrees) and track the number of total revolutions of the encoder’s shaft. Absolute types are options within the encoder family. For example, a user could specify a single-turn BiSS absolute encoder, or a multi-turn absolute Hiperface encoder.
When considering which type of closed-loop feedback device an application requires, it is worth finding out if the servomotor or VFD supplier can support all types of encoder. KEB’s generation 6 drives, for example, have multifunctional encoder cards that can support all of these formats.